Friday, 27 February 2015

Q:- You are to oversee the arc welding of some machined fittings and find they are cadmium plated. Would you


  1. Permit it to proceed
  2. Permit it to proceed with fume extraction
  3. Stop the operation at once
  4. Advise the welder to drink milk and proceed
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Wednesday, 25 February 2015

Q:-The possible effects of having a travel speed too fast


  1. Low toughness, slag inclusions and undercut
  2. High hardness, slag inclusions and a narrow thin weld bead
  3. High hardness, excessive deposition and cold laps
  4. Low toughness, poor fusion and slag inclusions
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Q:- Elements with completed with other electron cell


  1. Highly recative
  2. Inert
  3. Matlic in nature
  4. High melting point metal
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Sunday, 22 February 2015

A common question for instructors. What do you suggest your trainees, Push(forehand technique) or Drag(Pull, backhand technique)?

  • Gonzalo A. Campbell Gallo
    Gonzalo A.
    Gonzalo A. Campbell Gallo
    Instructor de Soldaduras
    I always like to suggest push technique, because it´s the easiest way to have good penetration. They usually have good profiles on their beads but with lack of penetration...
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    I discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. I will cover manufacturers recommendations Process parameters, position, progression and even filler metal classification which can all dictate what is "best".

    Your question left quite a few variables open so it was hard to specifically address your question.
  • Pranav Ashtaputre
    Pranav
    Pranav Ashtaputre
    Assistant Manager-Quality at Velan Inc.
    Gonzalo, did you mean Push technique produces lack of penetration?
    Gerald, especially, in MIG and FCAW, I find a bit easier while learning as it gives a clear view of the weld puddle. How do you relate process parameters(in case of MIG and FCAW) to which technique to be used especially while training?
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    In many cases pushing a puddle will reduce the amount of penetration. One way to confirm this is a single pass fillet weld in some 10-12mm thick plate in a tee joint. Same parameters, same weld size, then cut and etch. My trials have always shown the travel angle affects penetration.

    That does not mean an acceptable weld cannot be achieved with variations in travel angle, Here is a page from one MFG that indicates their findings.http://www.esabna.com/euweb/mig_handbook/592mig7_9.htm

    However I strongly suggest you investigate it yourself. In thinner material applications, I do not think it is an issue.

    My experience during welder testing and certification is that the majority of those who fail the horizontal fillet weld test, do so because of insufficient penetration and most of those are corrected by changing travel angles.
  • Lawrence Bower
    Lawrence
    Lawrence Bower
    Chief Welding Engineer and Director of Welding at NCI Building Systems & Author
    The question is more complex than it appears.

    GMAW has two distinct transfer modes and a push vs drag angle has different impacts on each.

    GMAW Short Circuiting transfer is the low energy transfer mode (comparatively) and with this mode of transfer a drag (backhand) angle will provide deeper penetration. A simple fillet break test or section and etch will bear this out. However, sometimes less penetration is beneficial (think sheet metal). A push angle with GMAW short circuiting transfer will provide a bit less penetration here. This is an all position process and the exception for push vs drag is in the vertical-up orientation where a push angle at the leading edge of the puddle will provide the best penetration and fusion.

    GMAW Spray transfer is the high energy transfer mode and is typically limited to the flat and horizontal positions due to the increased fluidity of the puddle. In the Spray transfer mode a push angle is always recommended for manual operations, keeping the electrode wire in at the leading edge of the molten puddle. Whipping or backstepping, and side to side motions will only reduce penetration and cause fusion defects.

    FCAW is NOT the same as GMAW when it comes to gun angles and Push vs Drag.
    FCAW should be run with a drag angle in the flat, horizontal and overhead positions, Vertical-up orientations vary by electrode manufacturer and you MUST consult the manufacturers suggested data to weld vertically.
     Pranav Ashtaputre, Jeffrey S. like this
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    Lawrence, a few years ago I witnessed some welder Performance Qualification Testing for Horizontal Fillet Welds using GMAW Spray. All the welders that pushed by any noticeable amount showed incomplete penetration. Those that pulled, did not. If I remember right it was close to 80% that failed the 1st time.

    Like with all the "Rules" and things we observe, there are many variables that exist. Regardless of what angle you use, you are always best to stay on the front edge of the puddle.

    I have come over the top of many a pipe pushing > 45 degrees with 7018 and all turn out well. But I try to avoid it.
  • Lawrence Bower
    Lawrence
    Lawrence Bower
    Chief Welding Engineer and Director of Welding at NCI Building Systems & Author
    Leading edge of the puddle yes!

    When I try to break experienced welders of the habit of "whipping" GMAW Spray mode welds, I begin by asking them to limit their "whipping" to the front 1/3 of the weld pool.

    As far as the GMAW Spray and "push" angles... I'm sticking with my original story :)
    Lincoln, Miller, The Hobart institute and there extensive video training, and even my textbook all recommend between a 10-20 degree push angle.

    Proof in the pudding? We currently test about 400 welders to CSA/CWB W47 and AWS D1.1. The CWB performance qualification tests have a single bevel design that includes a fillet weld on the root pass that receives two bend straps, one with a start/stop and one bend strap on the face. We use a push technique on these... And well... all 400 pass.

    The AWS Certified Welding Supervisor Manual for Quality and Productivity as some very clear illustrations on what can happen when the electrode wire moves to the back of the weld pool (which is far more likely/common in a drag technique).... It illustrates the "cushioning" effect that occurs when the arc energy is not placed at the leading edge. If this thread had a function to copy images I would share :)
  • Lawrence Bower
    Lawrence
    Lawrence Bower
    Chief Welding Engineer and Director of Welding at NCI Building Systems & Author
    For clarity: The CWB performance qualification test requires 3 total bend straps.
    2 root bend straps (one with a start/stop)
    1 face bend strap (also with a start/stop)

    It's a single bevel groove weld with a root opening wide enough to accept a 5/16" max root pass fillet. To my mind the best single assembly structural performance test design.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    I will have to play with it some. I have by no means tested that many welders in GMAW. So you me very well be correct. My experience is much more limited than that.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    One interesting thing about the whole discussion is the fact that its not an essential variable for codes of qualification.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    You are correct as far as Lincoln goes. " Use push technique. Holding the gun assembly 45˚ from the horizontal plane, start the weld at
    the edge of the plate and maintain 3/8” to 1/2” CTWD away from base metal for entire length
    of weld."

    Of course I also have a manufacturers poster that says increasing WFS decreases amperage. Bonjour :)

    I do feel I need to do some hands on tonclear my head of the experiences that don't coincide with what everyone is saying.

    A few weeks ago I ran some downhill GMAW fillet welds on steel and cut and etched them proving my ideas wrong.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    I added a page on one of my sites about this topic. With a few links and a quoote back to your comment Lawrence. Its interesting when you read the statement from Lincoln on the page about thick materials.
    http://weldertraining.org/index.php/welding-core-knowledge/welding-process-information/gmaw/push-or-pull/
  • Lawrence Bower
    Lawrence
    Lawrence Bower
    Chief Welding Engineer and Director of Welding at NCI Building Systems & Author
    Here is a good "rule of thumb" very simple and pretty much always true.

    "The arc energy (I never say heat) goes to where the electrode is pointed." ANY PROCESS

    If the drag angle is excessive and points at previously deposited weld metal, this will cushion the penetration and can reduce fusion.

    If the push angle is excessive the arc energy goes "out" along the axis of the weld rather than down into the root.

    Knowing this allows for some flexibility in craftsmanship... There are times like; thin material, gaps, and mismatch, that an operator may wish to reduce penetration and knowing why the process does what it does opens the door to better control by the welder.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    I agree, I think an awareness of the whys gives us the ability to judge when things should change. Many variables to consider. As soon as I get the Mig Gun attachment for the Bug-o, I'm gonna play !
  • Allan Evald
    Allan
    Allan Evald
    Welding instructor at Lower Columbia College
    Hello everyone, just about anywhere you look with regards to discussions of push vs. drag as it concerns FCAW, GMAW welding issues, I believe that there are variables that might slightly disprove some of the perceived techniques, parameters, and other specifics applied to the processes.

    One of my favorite topics for discussion deals with the GMAW process and Co2 for a shielding gas. At lower current levels, lower voltages and with small diameter wires, this combination works really well for thin material applications. As discussed in previous comments here, this area of welding will definitely yield lesser penetration with a push travel motion and greater penetration with a drag travel motion, particularly evident on square groove butt weld scenarios. Similarly, when performing fillets of light gauge materials there is almost always ample evidence of more penetration with a drag progression compared to a push progression. When it is done at the upper end of the voltage/amperage range it results in deep penetration, as many of us have experienced, and also yields horrendous looking weld deposits and ample spatter and bead irregularity due to the inability to achieve a spray mode of transfer and instead you end up trying to corral a globular transfer one. Unfortunately I can't comment on push vs. drag with the globular transfer that results. I have only had one experience with this combination and that was on the high end of 20 years ago as I was working a 2nd job in a structural steel shop. We were using .045 diameter solid wire shielded with 100% Co2, as I recall, I was pushing fillets mainly and wasn't a fan at all.

    For me personally, the spray transfer mode associated with GMAW can also yield a lot of different results and an additional amount if you throw a pulse transfer into the mix as well. I have pushed, pulled, and manipulated, both spray transfer and pulsed transfer weld deposits. Weld profile has been the reason for a push vs. drag method in some instances. Some form of manipulation has been the technique employed in other instances to deal with issues of undercut at the toes of welds and utilizing both push and pull methods. Pulsing is sometimes my choice when I might feel the need to "agitate" the weld pool in order to provide a better wetting action at the toes. This sort of choice might be due to lesser preparation methods being instituted/utilized.

    I have never been for dragging a GMAW aluminum weld deposit other than in issues of access where pushing cannot be readily employed. I will explain to those who care to listen that the pushing action and resultant oxide/surface cleaning that takes place due to pushing can be explained similarly to using a pressure washer on your driveway. When you push with the cleaning wand the flow of water "pushes" dirt, debris, and other things out ahead of the spray. When you drag the spray of the wand back towards you the resulting "cleaning" simply agitates all of the debris and doesn't remove it from the surface. Some folks could probably argue/debate that the material shouldn't require this if proper prep has been instituted, I would say that could be very difficult in many instances.

    I like the topic of this post and look forward to other's comments and trains of thought. Best regards, Allan
  • Phillip M. Schmidt, P.E., IWE, CWI, CertWelder
    Phillip M.
    Phillip M. Schmidt, P.E., IWE, CWI, CertWelder
    Pres, Schmidt Equipment Inc; Chief Engr, Engr Svcs Div.
    I am a graduate professional welding engineer, an IWE, an AWS CWI, and I teach the 40-hr AWS Certified Welding Supervisor seminars in which the Certified Welding Supervisor Manual for Quality and Productivity Improvement is used. I'm also a certified welder and know the authors of the Manual personally. I just want to chip in my two cents worth and say I agree with every thing Lawrence has said, except for a small "tweek".in defense of Gerald's comments about the fillet weld failures.

    The Manual states on page 124 and in Fig 4.65 that a "slight" push angle is typically used to provide a flatter bead shape for thinner materials. It goes on to say "On heavier materials, a drag angle is used to enhance penetration." But this does not mean a drag angle MUST be used. It is simply pointing out that if you have a situation where you may want a bit more penetration into the root of the joint, such as MIGHT arise in making fillet welds close to the maximum size recommended for a given wire diameter, using a slight drag angle while keeping the arc at the leading edge of the puddle will be helpful. Typically however, the extra penetration is not needed and using a slight push angle with spray on thicker materials gives a nicer bead shape (flatter). So I think you are both right and congratulate both of you on excellent comments.

    I might add a short saying that's applicable: "Always drag the slag." Lawrence said as much when talking about FCAW -- I'm only bringing it up because the saying is easy to remember.

    I would also like to say that even though the travel angle is typically not included in code WPS requirements, it should be. It can be quite significant if an appropriate range is not specified.
     Lawrence B. likes this
  • Lawrence Bower
    Lawrence
    Lawrence Bower
    Chief Welding Engineer and Director of Welding at NCI Building Systems & Author
    Great comment Philip.

    I stand corrected on your point!

    Sometimes I allow "production thinking" to enter the realm of absolute and end up conflicting with facts :)

    Staying at the leading edge of the puddle is truly the key with GMAW, FCAW, and MCAW. In a fast paced setting my *experience* is that with a drag angle the operator more often risks allowing the electrode wire to be directed toward the back 2/3 of the puddle, causing arc energy to be "buffered" by deposited weld metal in the pool. Fig 5.52 in the CWS Manual illustrates what I'm talking about here in it's FCAW section, although the figure itself speaks to travel speed, the same effect can occur.

    I'm a big supporter of Jack Barckhoff's work in the CWS arena and "Total Weld Management" I think there are an army of manufacturing engineers, leads, supervisors, Plant managers and QC managers in the U.S. who are sent to take CWI exams that would benefit their employers much more if they would rather first master the CWS body of knowledge. But the CWI has "Cachet" in the market even if there is more practical value in the CWS pragmatic approach to actual production and process control.

    Quality can't be inspected in. another happy cliché.

    But excellent process control can put the lie to the following statement:
    "Good, Fast, or Cheap... Pick any two"
    Excellent process control can provide all three along with the important additions of a happy workplace and profit.
  • Phillip M. Schmidt, P.E., IWE, CWI, CertWelder
    Phillip M.
    Phillip M. Schmidt, P.E., IWE, CWI, CertWelder
    Pres, Schmidt Equipment Inc; Chief Engr, Engr Svcs Div.
    You're exactly right on all points!

    I'm a new member of this Group and have been impressed by the quality of the responses I've seen -- also the politeness and professionalism. I hope to be an active participant.

    I'm also glad to hear you are aware of, and recognize the benefits of, the Total Welding Management concept Jack has developed over the past 50 or more years. Typically when a company implements a TWM system using the Barckhoff Method they save $15,000 or more per welder per year with essentially no major capital expenditures being required. The AWS website describing the benefits of the CWS seminars references a study conducted at a Gulf coast shipyard which documented such savings. He and I, and another of his associates team teach a TWM course that's offered every other year to Ohio State Welding Engineering juniors, seniors and grad students.

    I am pleased to be one of his associates.

    Do you happen to know him, or have you met him? If not, I know he would enjoy talking with you -- he's always interested in talking about TWM and his "Method" with people involved in the welding industry. His website, BarckhoffWeldingManagement.com has contact info. If you (or anyone else reading this thread) are interested, give him a call and tell him I referred you to him.
  • Lawrence Bower
    Lawrence
    Lawrence Bower
    Chief Welding Engineer and Director of Welding at NCI Building Systems & Author
    Phillip,

    I've traded some emails with Jack in the last year. He has been very encouraging.

    I moved from a faculty post at a tech college (where I also dabbled in consulting) to a multi-plant manufacturing enterprise of international scope about a year ago (Metal Buildings). It has been an exciting challenge to put into practice and be held accountable for the concepts that I preach :)

    I'm glad you found the group.. I know we will have lots to talk about.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    Whats good in theory is not what happens in reality, sometimes you catch it, some times you don't.
    What is good to know is that if I am in a condition where fusion may be an issue and conditions warrant extra care, the possibility of achieving better penetration is increased usually by keeping the arc on the leading edge of the puddle by whatever means possible.

    And sometimes it doesn't matter. Many of the things that we are all aware of may or may not affect the suitability of a product for intended service. I often do side bend on carbon steel without rounded corners or even grinding after cutting as a demo to show that there is some forgiveness and don't get hung up on how smooth and shiny your coupons are thinking that will help you pass.

    And then sometimes I make a slick GMAW weld on 1/4" and with the same settings, another on 3/4" and then hit them both with a hammer. This emphasizes the fact that an awareness and knowledge of the process is helpful.
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    @Phillip, Welcome to the group and thanks for the input. I know a few of the people here that have commented from a long relationship "online" via the AWS forum. Top notch people when it come to there dedication to welding .
  • Gerald Austin
    Gerald
    Gerald Austin
    Welding Instructor
    I think that one thing key to teaching one way or the other is an explanation of what it affects. In many cases, profile, re-entrant angle at the toes, and penetration. As with many things welding, there are things we can do to the process variables that an effect of the resulting weld. Sometimes it matters, sometimes it doesn't.

    For me, my use of never, only, always has changed over the years as I have learned from both my mistakes and from others sharing theirs. I took the "push" idea to a fan manufacturer I used to work for. I caused a few repairs. Material was either Duplex 2205 of Ferralium 225. But regardless, what we qualified on the WPS (Push) did not work well for the deeper groove and single bevel joint. Changing to a drag angle improved the ability to fuse the backing, single bevel pc and the tee member.

    So when I teach or discuss these things, I try to explain to those that they may come across other opinions, and welding has a great deal of variables that can be used in many combinations with various overlapping results.

    Sometimes there are some facts behind the many welding wives tales, but sometimes there are not. And sometimes, it really doesn't matter.
  • salman cader
    salman
    salman cader
    Freelance Qc/Welding inspector/Welder & Tutor
    Either way works its a preference. ...but some Wps will ask.....push or pull.....then again with diff welding processes there are some characteristics .ie penetration....weld width....the way the weld bead looks
  • Gregory Mattheijs
    Gregory
    Gregory Mattheijs
    Welding technologist/NDT technician bij MME Group
    Teaching and learning to addept to different situations / circumstances is what welding is about. A workinstruction or WPS in many cases, has to be made with welders input. So crafmanship must be leading. I had to learn from mistakes and paid learnmoney. Push/drag / and other parameters often have to be discovered on the job. A professional welder will know and use all his abilities he has learned. So the question is not realy relevant for teaching, a welder should be able to perform and know the effects of all the parameters. Oh I love welding




  • Allan Evald
    Allan
    Allan Evald
    Welding instructor at Lower Columbia College
    I would like to add this additional comment: a number of years ago the USSR decommissioned a number of their submarines and of course the US made sure to get a hold of a lot of the components from these decommissioned units. As they analyzed the welding and the engineering they noticed that the welding was sub-par by US standards, yet they determined that the engineering was sufficient to negate the sub-par welding. As they considered the engineering that the US generally employs on it's projects they essentially stated that the engineering was lean and the welding was superior. Thus, essentially a wash.

    The same is true for much of what is manufactured in the U.S. today out in industry and here is where the "best practices" will make a difference between quality products and possibly sub-par or short lived service lives for a given product. Many of the comments here deal with testing and application of Push/Drag techniques and how they apply to correctness and fitness for service. Material, Material thickness, process, and a whole lot of other variables can come into play and either become a crucial part of the choice or not be a factor as to choice of progression(push/drag).

    I do believe, however, where training is concerned it needs to be explained and shown to those that are being trained/worked with, the differing results. Because when a choice is left up to a welder, whether they are seasoned pros or beginners, they should at least have some solid information to aid in their decisions. Best regards, Allan
  • Christian Cortez
    Christian
    Christian Cortez
    QA/QC Structural and Mechanical
    Slag you Drag everything else is a Push.
  • Curtis Billau
    Curtis
    Curtis Billau
    Journeymen/Red Seal Welder
    As a welder its not completely that general, simple yes. With your average 7018 rod yes you drag it cause of the slag. Same should go with fluxcor. Now with anything else which really only leaves sold and cored wire can do both drag and push. One more thing that should be considered when deciding to drag or push is depth of penetration. If you drag it will be to the max depth. If you puch it will be much shallower than if you where to drag.
  • Anthony Eslick
    Anthony
    Anthony Eslick
    Student at South Puget Sound Community College
    You want to push fore hand to get deeper penetration and for most welds how ever some welds few but some do require a dragging weld which has a more shallow weld
  • Anthony Eslick
    Anthony
    Anthony Eslick
    Student at South Puget Sound Community College
    It also depends on what the engineer put down as weld requirements on the blue prints
  • ABDIAS CALIXTE
    ABDIAS
    ABDIAS CALIXTE
    COMPLETE FUSION WELDING LLC Journeyman Milwright Journeyman Piledriver Certified welder WABO 6G D1.1 D1.4 D1.5 D1.6
    As an unlimited certified welder fabricator Certified welding inspector. I encourage all my colleagues to pull the weld as my hand is not blocking my view of the molten weld pool and it promotes deeper penetration. It's hard to deposit sound metal pushing.
  • ABDIAS CALIXTE
    ABDIAS
    ABDIAS CALIXTE
    COMPLETE FUSION WELDING LLC Journeyman Milwright Journeyman Piledriver Certified welder WABO 6G D1.1 D1.4 D1.5 D1.6
    Instructor Allan,
    I like how you address the issue...
  • Travis Miles
    Travis
    Travis Miles
    Certified Weld Inspector (CWI)
    As an experienced multi process welder and CWI. I encourage dragging/backhand especially with 7018. You can trap slag pushing.
     Allan E. likes this
  • Anthony Eslick
    Anthony
    Anthony Eslick
    Student at South Puget Sound Community College
    That goes against what I was taught in my welding classes and manuals
  • Shareef Khan
    Shareef
    Shareef Khan
    Training Manager/Welding Inspector at Busicom Inspections &Training Solutions
    Where slag forming process is involved such as MMAW/SMAW or FCAW-innershield /FCAW - Gas shielded a drag technique (backhand) works best irrespective of grades of Filler wires or electrodes. This enables welder to maintain angle of nozzle/electrode, watch the actual weld pool and also allows better bead formation, penetration and entrapment of slag is bare minimum. GMAW (MIG/MAG) are normally welded with push (forehand technique) to enable operator to see line of weld and maintain weld size (esp. fillets welds). However care should be taken not to create a a large weld pool to allow weld metal to run ahead of filler wire as this can result in lack of fusion.This is very common in Fillet welds as operators often try to achieve a large fillet size in a single run. Stringer runs are mostly recommended. With correct weld settings of amperage/voltage/ Travel speed/torch angle and shielding gas to match the filler wire in GMAW process the penetration should not be an issue. I have always personally welded FCAW - Gas shielded by push (forehand) technique successfully. I have recently developed a WPQR with FCAW-G for a company and the welder was also comfortable in forehand technique.
     Allan E. likes this
  • Pranav Ashtaputre
    Pranav
    Pranav Ashtaputre
    Assistant Manager-Quality at Velan Inc.
    Anthony, as a trainee, can you elaborate your experience in push/pull with different processes and materials?
     Allan E. likes this
  • Gregory Schloer
    Gregory
    Gregory Schloer
    QA Manager at McCarl's Inc.
    There is a time and place for everything, I often teach my students both techniques so they can experience what each method feels, and looks like through the lense. The welder certainly will experience a time where he or she knows that they should back hand or conversely forehand ,however the position of the members or other mitigating circumstances forces them to do the opposite of what they originally intended. If the student is adept, or even just familiar with each technique they are in a better position to exploit their knowledge and experience to perform the given task. My humble opinion. Good luck to you.
  • Mike Pierce
    Mike
    Mike Pierce
    Owner Vulcan Inspection LLC Co Owner Cabin Run Equestrian LLC Contract Vendor Surveillance Certified Welding Inspector
    I was taught to pull using the FCAW process, however in my experience both can be used. I only use the push direction, I have noticed that I do not have the problems with porosity that is common with the pull technique. Also settings are important with either direction. If there questions on vertical FCAW welding. Try an upside down U movement. The weld will lay flatter takes some practice but it works.
     Shareef Khan likes this
  • Lavdim
    Lavdim Qelaj
    Welding supervisor
    it all depends on the welding process
  • Marcel Arsenault
    Marcel
    Marcel Arsenault
    Welder at International Brotherhood of Boilermakers
    Long story short. Process and positions create the factor.
  • John Hindelewicz
    John
    John Hindelewicz
    Navistar, Inc. Melrose park IL. :
    If it has SLAG then you must DRAG!!!!!
  • Kumar
    Kumar Suresh
    Manager welding/quality at Cenerg Global Tools
    Always speak the language how operators can understand .
    Do not speak as we want to show our professionalism.
    Here understanding is important not the grammer.

    I always teach my people with simple language .
    I prefer you to say PUSH & PULL will best understandable to welders give examples to them.

    regrds
    Suresh kumar
    Manager welding/QA
  • John Hindelewicz
    John
    John Hindelewicz
    Navistar, Inc. Melrose park IL. :
    Terms like "slag and drag" are words commonly used in welding. Students remember simple phrases when technique is in question like whip and pause is commonly used in welding vertical up with cellulose type ( 6010,6011) electrodes.
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